An artist’s representation of a scanning tunneling microscope probing a toluene molecule. Credit: Dr. Kristina Rusimova, Hannah Martin, and Pieter Keenan
Physicists are getting closer to controlling single-molecule chemical reactions – could this shape the future of pharmaceutical research?
A groundbreaking study demonstrates control over atomic-level matter through nanotechnology. By leveraging the precision of scanning tunneling microscopy, researchers have shown how competing chemical reaction outcomes can be influenced by manipulating energy levels. This advancement allows for targeted reactions, such as those needed for drug synthesis, while reducing unwanted byproducts.
Controlling Matter at the Atomic Level
Scientists have made a significant leap in controlling matter at the atomic level, thanks to cutting-edge nanotechnology research led by physicists at the University of Bath in collaboration with an international team.
This breakthrough has far-reaching implications, advancing both fundamental scientific understanding and practical applications. Among these, it holds the potential to revolutionize how researchers develop medications by improving precision and efficiency.
While controlling single-molecule reactions with a single outcome is now standard in laboratories worldwide, this level of mastery wasn’t always achievable. Over a decade ago, IBM researchers demonstrated the potential of atomic manipulation by creating A Boy and His Atom, the world’s smallest movie (embedded below). Using advanced techniques, they moved individual molecules—each comprising two bonded atoms—frame by frame, magnified 100 million times, to craft a stop-motion narrative on an atomic scale.
Challenges in Achieving Selective Chemical Outcomes
Achieving control over chemical reactions with multiple outcomes, however, has remained elusive. This matters because generally only some outcomes of a chemical reaction are useful.
For instance, during drug synthesis, a chemical process that results in ‘cyclization’ produces the desired therapeutic compound while ‘polymerization’, another outcome, leads to unwanted byproducts.
Being able to precisely control reactions to favor desired outcomes and reduce unwanted byproducts promises to improve the efficiency and sustainability of pharmaceutical processes.
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy: A Revolutionary Tool
The new study, published on November 28 in the prestigious journal Nature Communications, set out to demonstrate for the first time that competing chemical reaction outcomes can be influenced by using the atomic resolution of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM).
Conventional microscopes use light and lenses to magnify specimens, allowing us to view them with the naked eye or a camera. However, when it comes to atoms and molecules, which are smaller than even the shortest wavelengths of visible light, traditional methods fall short.
To explore these tiny realms, scientists turn to a scanning tunneling microscope, which operates much like a record player.
With a tip that can be as fine as a single atom, scanning tunneling microscopes move across a material’s surface, measuring properties such as electric current to map each point. However, rather than pressing the tip into the surface like a record player needle, the tip hovers just a single atom’s width above it.
When connected to a power source, electrons travel down the tip and make a quantum leap across the atom-sized gap. The closer the tip is to the surface, the stronger the current; the farther away it is, the weaker the current. This well-defined relationship between tip distance and current allows the microscope to measure and map the surface of the atom or molecule based on the electric current strength. As the tip sweeps across the surface, it builds a precise, line-by-line image of the surface, revealing details invisible to conventional light microscopes.
Advancing Single-Molecule Reactions
Using the atomic precision of a scanning tunneling microscope, scientists can go beyond mapping the surface of a molecule – they can both reposition single atoms and molecules, and influence and measure the likelihood of specific reaction pathways in individual molecules.
Explaining, Dr. Kristina Rusimova, who led the study from the Department of Physics, said: “Typically, STM technology is employed to reposition individual atoms and molecules, enabling targeted chemical interactions, yet the ability to direct reactions with competing outcomes remained a challenge. These different outcomes happen with certain probabilities governed by quantum mechanics – rather like rolling a molecular die.
“Our latest research demonstrates that STM can control the probability of reaction outcomes by selectively manipulating charge states and specific resonances through targeted energy injection.”
The Role of Energy in Molecular Dice
Dr. Peter Sloan, senior lecturer in the Department of Physics and co-author of the study, said: “We used the STM tip to inject electrons into toluene molecules, prompting the breaking of chemical bonds and either a shift to a nearby site, or desorption.
“We found that the ratio of these two outcomes was controlled by the energy of the electrons injected. This energy dependence allowed us to achieve control over the probability of each reaction outcome through the targeted “heating” of an intermediate molecular state, guided by precise energy thresholds and molecular barriers.”
Physics PhD student Pieter Keenan, first-author on the research publication, said: “The key here was to maintain identical initial conditions for the test reactions—matching the precise injection site and excitation state – and then vary outcomes based solely on the energy of the injected electrons.
“Within a single molecule’s response to the energy input, the differing reaction barriers drive the reaction outcome probabilities. Altering only the energy input allows us, with high precision, to make a reaction outcome more likely than another – in this way we can ‘load the molecular dice’.”
Bridging Theory and Experiment for Molecular Innovation
Professor Tillmann Klamroth from Potsdam University in Germany, added: “This study combines advanced theoretical modeling with experimental precision, leading to a pioneering understanding of the reactions’ probabilities based on the molecular energy landscape. This paves the way for further advances in nanotechnology.”
Toward Programmable Molecular Systems
Looking ahead, Dr. Rusimova said: “With applications in both basic and applied science, this advancement represents a major step toward fully programmable molecular systems. We expect techniques such as this to unlock new frontiers in molecular manufacturing, opening doors to innovations in medicine, clean energy, and beyond.”
Reference: “Measuring competing outcomes of a single-molecule reaction reveals classical Arrhenius chemical kinetics” by Pieter J. Keenan, Rebecca M. Purkiss, Tillmann Klamroth, Peter A. Sloan and Kristina R. Rusimova, 28 November 2024, Nature Communications.
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-54677-1
The research was funded by The Royal Society, and the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC).
