Waterloo researchers developed a coin-sized device that can generate electricity as water evaporates from a complex network of pores that make up a walnut shell structure. Credit: University of Waterloo
Researchers at the University of Waterloo have developed an inexpensive device that generates enough electricity to power a calculator using only waste walnut shells and drops of water. Their work is published in the journal Energy & Environmental Materials.
The coin-sized device—known as a water-induced electric generator (WEG)—produces electrical energy as water evaporates from a complex network of pores that make up the shell structure.
"It all happens with nothing more than a single droplet of water and the shell's natural architecture, no crushing, soaking or complex processing needed," said Nazmul Hossain, a Waterloo Ph.D. student in mechanical and mechatronics engineering. "It's a simple, yet powerful example of turning waste into clean energy using nature's own power."
At the heart of the technology, a form of hydrovoltaic energy harvesting, is how evaporating water flows through the porous structure of nut shells. As the water moves, it transports electrically charged ions, which interact with the surface of the shells to create a charge imbalance that generates electricity.
Hossain was inspired to develop the device after he ate a hazelnut and examined its shell under an electron microscope. The complex structure he observed, part of the nut's internal system to transport water and nutrients for growth, struck him as ideal for energy harvesting.
Testing with four kinds of nuts showed walnuts have the greatest potential to produce power. Researchers then optimized walnut shells for that purpose by cleaning, treating, polishing and cutting them into precise shapes.
By connecting four WEG units—each one comprised of shells, water droplets, electrodes, wires and a 3D-printed case—the Waterloo team was able to generate enough electricity to power an LCD calculator.
"This technology could be a game-changer for powering small electronic devices, especially in remote or off-grid areas," Hossain said. "Imagine environmental sensors monitoring forests, IoT and wearable health devices, disaster-relief equipment—all running on tiny water droplets from the air."
Researchers are now working to develop wearable WEGs capable of harvesting energy from sweat or rain, and on practical applications such as powering sensors to detect water leaks. They have also experimented with the use of wood instead of nut shells.
More information: Nazmul Hossain et al, Hydrovoltaic Energy Harvesting From Nut Shells, Energy & Environmental Materials (2025). DOI: 10.1002/eem2.70017
Provided by University of Waterloo