When scientists discovered DNA and learned how to control it, not only science but society was revolutionized. Today researchers and the medical industry routinely create artificial DNA structures for many purposes, including diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
Now an international research team reports to have created a powerful supermolecule with the potential to further revolutionize science.
The work is published in Nature Communications. Authors are from University of Southern Denmark (Denmark), Kent State University (USA), Copenhagen University (Denmark), Oxford University (UK) and ATDBio (UK). Lead authors are Chenguang Lou, associate professor, University of Southern Denmark and Hanbin Mao, professor, Kent State University, USA.
Next generation of nanotechnology
The researchers describe their supermolecule as a marriage between DNA and peptides.
DNA is one of the most important biomolecules, and so are peptides; peptide structures are used, among other things, to create artificial proteins and various nanostructures.
“If you combine these two, as we have, you get a very powerful molecular tool, that may lead to the next generation of nanotechnology; it may allow us to make more advanced nanostructures, for example, for detecting diseases,” says corresponding author Chenguang Lou, associate professor at Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark.
The cause of Alzheimer’s
According to the researchers, another example is that this marriage of peptides to DNA can be used to create artificial proteins, which will be more stable and thus more reliable to work with than natural proteins, which are vulnerable to heat, UV, chemical reagents, etc.
“Our next step will be to investigate whether it can be used to explain the cause of Alzheimer’s disease in which malfunctional peptides are culprits,” says the other corresponding author, Hanbin Mao, professor at Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University.
The research work reports the mechanical properties of a new structure composed of three-stranded DNA structures and three-stranded peptide structures. It may sound simple, but it is far from.
Left and right in nature
It is rare in nature that DNA and peptide structures are chemically linked like this new structure is.
In Nature, they often behave like cats and dogs, though some key interactions are essential to any living organisms. One possible reason for this is their so-called chirality – sometimes also described as handedness.
All biological structures, from molecules to the human body, have a fixed chirality; think of our heart, which is always positioned in the left side of our body. DNA is always right-handed and peptides are always left-handed, so trying to combine them is a highly challenging task.
Changing left to right
“Imagine you want to stack your two hands by matching each finger while both palms face the same direction. You will find out it is impossible to do it. You can only do this if you can trick your two hands into having the same chirality,” says Hanbin Mao.
This is what the research team has done; tricked the chirality. They have changed the peptide chirality from left to right, so it fits with the chirality of the DNA and works with it instead of repelling it.
“This is the first study to show that the chirality of DNA and peptide structures can communicate and interact, when their handedness is changed,” says Chenguang Lou.
So why do we have a left and a right hand?
The researchers report to be the first to provide an answer to why the biological world is chiral:
“The answer is energy: the chiral world requires the lowest energy to maintain, therefore it is most stable,” says Hanbin Mao.
In other words: Nature will always seek to spend as little energy as possible.
Reference: “Chirality transmission in macromolecular domains” by Shankar Pandey, Shankar Mandal, Mathias Bogetoft Danielsen, Asha Brown, Changpeng Hu, Niels Johan Christensen, Alina Vitaliyivna Kulakova, Shixi Song, Tom Brown, Knud J. Jensen, Jesper Wengel, Chenguang Lou and Hanbin Mao, 10 January 2022, Nature Communications.DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27708-4
