Scientists Successfully Store Data Inside DNA of Living Bacteria

NIAID/Victor Tangermann

Thanks to its tremendous density, DNA can store the equivalent of about 10 digital movies of data in the volume of a single grain of salt.

Now, scientists at Columbia University have pushed the concept even further, by writing data into the DNA of living bacteria, as Science reports.

To store data inside DNA, it has to be converted by a DNA synthesizer from its binary format of ones and zeros into organic code: combinations of the molecule’s four bases including adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.

Unfortunately, the longer this code is, the less accurate the work of the synthesizer becomes. As a workaround, researchers break up the code into chunks. DNA sequencers then have to piece them together again to access the data.

That also doesn’t stop the DNA from degrading over time, meaning that data storage isn’t forever, as Science points out.

As a solution, the researchers from Columbia are trying to figure out if the same thing works with living organisms. Not only would this data last much longer, it could even be passed on to the organisms’ offspring.

A team led by Columbia’s Harris Wang has been working on doing just this for the last couple of years. Most recently, the team managed to electrically encode 72 bits of data to write the string of letters “Hello world!” into a population of bacterial cells.

The researchers used CRISPR, the popular gene-editing technique that can splice and edit new sequences into DNA, to store data in these active genes.

“This work establishes a direct digital-to-biological data storage framework and advances our capacity for information exchange between silicon- and carbon-based entities,” the team writes in their paper published this week in the journal Nature Chemical Biology.

Needless to say, despite the amazing feat, that’s not a lot of data.

“We’re not going to compete with the current memory storage systems,” Wang told Science.

The team will also have to figure out a way for the data to survive mutations and replications of the bacteria’s DNA.

READ MORE: Scientists ‘program’ living bacteria to store data [Science]