Raphael Thys
Mining asteroids might be necessary for humanity to expand into the Solar System. A new paper says spacecraft could work in pairs to capture Near Earth Asteroids. Credit: ESA.
Humanity seems destined to expand into the Solar System. What exactly that looks like, and how difficult and tumultuous the endeavour might be, is wide open to speculation. But there are some undeniable facts attached to the prospect.
We need materials to build infrastructure, and getting it all into space from Earth is not realistic. (Be quiet, space elevator people.)
Asteroid mining is one of those things thatâs been talked about for decades but hasnât happened. That doesnât mean it wonât happen; in fact, weâll have to use resources that are already in space if we want to establish a real presence anywhere other than Earth.
Google Ngram viewer shows how often a word or phrase was used in published works. The first asteroid was discovered in 1801, and âasteroid miningâ started appearing shortly after WW2. Almost everybodyâs heard of it now. Image Credit: Google Ngram.
There are enormous resources available in asteroids, especially in the Main Asteroid Belt. But Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs) also hold vast quantities of water, metals, and volatiles. There are more than 26,000 NEAs, and they could play a key role in humanityâs space-faring future. The problem is, even though theyâre termed Near Earth Asteroids, theyâre not that accessible. So lots of the talk around asteroid mining involves moving asteroids into more advantageous and accessible orbits.
Weâve learned a lot about the asteroid population in recent decades, especially in the last two decades. In fact, in 2005, Congress asked NASA to catalogue dangerous objects and to find at least 90 percent of potentially hazardous NEOs sized 140 meters or larger by the end of 2020.
NASA has catalogued thousands of asteroids in the past couple of decades. Image Credit: By Alan B. Chamberlin â Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/stats/, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=24306117
Weâve also come to understand asteroid composition better, and scientists have categorized asteroids into types based on composition. The three types are C-Type, M-Type, and S-Type, meaning carbonaceous, metallic, and silicaceous. Theyâre also grouped by their orbits, and by families, with each member of a family coming from the same parent body.
Weâve also sent spacecraft to study and sample asteroids, which is akin to prospecting here on Earth, though the sampling is aimed more at science than at resource exploitation. JAXA (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency) and NASA have both launched successful asteroid sample return missions. JAXA has returned samples to Earth, and the sample from NASAâs OSIRIS-REx is on its way.
So we understand asteroidsâ composition and their orbits, and weâll continue to catalogue them and study them. Weâll probably continue to sample them, and NASA has taken its first tentative steps in changing an asteroidâs path by redirecting one with a kinetic impact. It seems certain that weâll want to bring one closer to Earth and use its resources for our needs.
A new study suggests a unique way of shifting asteroids around and moving them into more advantageous orbits. The title is âA multiple-vehicle strategy for near-Earth asteroid capture,â and itâs published in the journal Acta Astronautica. The lead author is Livia Ionescu from the James Watt School of Engineering at the University of Glasgow.
The study shows how two separate spacecraft could work together to move an asteroid closer to Earth, where its resources can be extracted. One of the spacecraft acts as a pitcher, and one acts as a catcher. âThese spacecraft act together as a âpitcherâ spacecraft and âcatcherâ spacecraft, where the pitcher spacecraft hops from asteroid to asteroid and deflects them towards an orbit in the vicinity of Earth, while the catcher spacecraft is stationed at the Earth and captures the incoming asteroids,â the authors write.
In their paper, the authors compare their two-spacecraft proposal to other proposed methods using a single spacecraft. According to them, their method is superior.
One of the strengths of their proposal is the lack of round trips. The pitcher spacecraft neednât return to Earth each time. A single pitcher spacecraft could nudge successive asteroids toward the catcher spacecraft. After nudging an asteroid, the pitcher could reposition itself for the next nudge.
This schematic from the study shows the trajectories of single-spacecraft redirection (a) and dual-spacecraft redirection (b.) Note that b doesnât show the pitcher spacecraftâs initial journey from Earth to the target asteroid. Image Credit: Ionescu et al. 2022
The teamâs analysis shows that their dual-spacecraft method is superior. âResults show that the two-spacecraft strategy is capable of returning more asteroid mass and often at a lower mission duration,â they write. Of course, itâs not quite that simple.
The team analyzed their proposal in three ways. They looked at asteroids following co-planar orbits and circular orbits, they analyzed a set of fictional near-Earth asteroids to create a large data set, and they analyzed some real asteroids as mission targets.
Then the team examined two scenarios to compare single-spacecraft missions with two-spacecraft missions. Each scenario is considered in terms of Delta V. Delta V measures how much acceleration is required to move an object, in this case spacecraft and asteroids. Delta V is the heart of the issue, but so is the amount of mass returned.
The team found that their method uses more Delta V than single-spacecraft methods. But their method returns more mass than single-spacecraft methods because the pitcher doesnât return to Earthâs neighbourhood. In all cases, the target asteroid is placed in Earthâs heliocentric orbit.
âThe analysis showed that the two-spacecraft strategy does not impact the required Delta V in a beneficial manner,â the paper states. âHowever, the aim of an asteroid capture mission is to retrieve useful mass to the vicinity of the Earth.â
This schematic from the paper shows the Delta Vs for a single-spacecraft (a) and two-spacecraft (b) capture of a single asteroid. Thereâs no Delta V advantage for the two-spacecraft method, but that method returns more mass. Image Credit: Ionescu et al. 2022
But the results presented so far are based on asteroids that have the same mass and that have fairly simple orbits. That, of course, isnât realistic, so the team dug deeper.
The deeper analysis looked at artificially-generated NEAs with random but realistic elements to their orbits. âTherefore, in this section, the orbital elements of the asteroids will be randomly generated within specified ranges in order to generate statistical data on the relative performance of the one-spacecraft and two-spacecraft strategies,â the authors write.
In this deeper analysis, the mission architectures remain the same. In the single-spacecraft model, the spacecraft travels to an asteroid, brings it to a heliocentric orbit, then travels to the next asteroid. In the two-spacecraft model, the pitcher moves from asteroid to asteroid while the catcher remains in an Earth heliocentric orbit. In their analysis, each mission visits the same asteroids in the same order, but in real mission planning, that may not be the case.
The researchers found a clear correlation in the single spacecraft scenario. Higher ?V resulted in lower returned mass.
This figure from the study plots Delta V and returned mass for single spacecraft missions, double spacecraft missions, and for pitcher and catcher spacecraft in the double spacecraft missions. Image Credit: Ionescu et al. 2022
The team ran thousands of simulations. In their simulations, the semi-major axes of the asteroids play a key role. The team found that the further away the semi-major axis is from one astronomical unit (AU), the lower the returned mass is.
The paper is full of detail that canât all be explained here. Overall, it shows that the two-spacecraft mission has some advantages. But thatâs only when asteroids are brought to Earthâs heliocentric orbit.
But as weâve written about here at Universe Today, it may not be necessary to bring asteroids close to Earth. Maybe Mars orbit is a better location.
The paper also doesnât explore spacecraft design, although the authors acknowledge that if two spacecraft need to be developed, designed, and built, it increases mission complexity. And increased complexity means increased costs. But for the researchers, two things are clear: âThe advantages of the two-spacecraft strategy are a higher quantity of retrieved mass and a shorter mission duration. Both imply a potential increase in revenue.â
Of course, any real benefits will depend on individual missions and the orbits and masses of individual asteroids. âThus, the two-spacecraft has the potential to deliver a higher mass within a lower amount of time, but it still remains dependent on the targeted asteroids and launch date, such that a case-by-case analysis is necessary,â they write.
When the team looked at three specific asteroid missions with each mission architecture, the two-spacecraft advantage was clear. âTwo mission cases have been presented with three target asteroids, where the two-spacecraft strategy is able to return approximately 1.5 times its initial mass, while the one-spacecraft strategy is only capable of bringing less than its initial mass.â
The authors donât speculate much beyond their results. But they do point out that it might be possible for two or more pitcher spacecraft to service a single catcher. The two spacecraft mission is already more complicated than the single spacecraft mission because the pair of spacecraft have to be closely coordinated. Adding additional pitchers would only increase the complexity.
Asteroid mining is a ways off in the future, though, if it ever happens. For now, weâre building a more accurate and complete catalogue of asteroids, weâre bringing asteroid samples back to Earth for analysis, and weâre testing kinetic impactors to influence asteroid orbits.