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In less than a year, there were hundreds of Gopher servers."],["[24]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-minnPostGopher-24"]]],[" It offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web in the early 1990s and the consensus was that Gopher would be the primary way that people would interact with the Internet."],["[25]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-25"]]],["["],["better source needed",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"]]],["] However, in 1993, the University of Minnesota declared that Gopher was proprietary and would have to be licensed."],["[24]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-minnPostGopher-24"]]],["\nIn response, on 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due, and released "],["their code",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libwww"]]],[" into the public domain."],["[26]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-26"]]],[" This made it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions.["],["citation needed",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"]]],["] Coming two months after the announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this spurred the development of "],["various browsers",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libwww#Applications_using_libwww"]]],[" which precipitated a rapid shift away from Gopher."],["[27]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-27"]]],[" By releasing Berners-Lee's invention for public use, CERN encouraged and enabled its widespread use."],["[28]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-28"]]],["\nEarly websites intermingled links for both the "],["HTTP",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP"]]],[" web protocol and the "],["Gopher protocol",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)"]]],[", which provided access to content through "],["hypertext",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext"]]],[" menus presented as a "],["file system",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system"]]],[" rather than through "],["HTML",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML"]]],[" files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA \"What's New\" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by "],["search engines",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines"]]],[".\nAfter 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines, which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace. As its popularity increased through ease of use, incentives for commercial investment in the Web also grew. By the middle of 1994, the Web was outcompeting Gopher and the other browsing systems for the Internet."],["[29]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-29"]]],["\nNCSA[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=8"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Main article: ",[["i",null]]],["Mosaic (web browser)",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)"]]],["\nThe "],["National Center for Supercomputing Applications",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications"]]],[" (NCSA) at the "],["University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"]]],[" (UIUC) established a website in November 1992. After "],["Marc Andreessen",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreessen"]]],[", a student at UIUC, was shown ViolaWWW in late 1992,"],["[23]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-W3.org-23"]]],[" he began work on "],["Mosaic",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)"]]],[" with another UIUC student "],["Eric Bina",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bina"]]],[", using funding from the "],["High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Computing_Act_of_1991"]]],[", a US-federal research and development program "],["initiated by US Senator Al Gore",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore_and_information_technology"]]],["."],["[30]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-30"]]],["[31]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-31"]]],["[32]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-32"]]],[" Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993. The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated "],["multimedia",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia"]]],[", and the authors' rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features."],["[23]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-W3.org-23"]]],[" Historians generally agree that the 1993 introduction of the Mosaic web browser was a turning point for the World Wide Web."],["[33]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-bloomberg-33"]]],["[34]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-mosaic_and_th_w3-34"]]],["[35]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-faq-35"]]],["\nBefore the release of Mosaic in 1993, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages, and the Web was less popular than older protocols such as Gopher and WAIS. Mosaic could display inline images"],["[36]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-36"]]],[" and submit "],["forms",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(HTML)"]]],["[37]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-37"]]],["[38]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-38"]]],[" for Windows, Macintosh and X-Windows. NCSA also developed "],["HTTPd",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCSA_HTTPd"]]],[", a Unix web server that used the "],["Common Gateway Interface",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface"]]],[" to process forms and "],["Server Side Includes",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Side_Includes"]]],[" for dynamic content. Both the client and server were free to use with no restrictions."],["[39]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-39"]]],[" Mosaic was an immediate hit;"],["[40]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-40"]]],[" its graphical user interface allowed the Web to become by far the most popular protocol on the Internet. Within a year, web traffic surpassed Gopher's."],["[24]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-minnPostGopher-24"]]],[" "],["Wired",[["i",null]]],[" declared that Mosaic made non-Internet online services obsolete,"],["[41]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-41"]]],[" and the Web became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet.["],["citation needed",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"]]],["]"],["\nEarly growth[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=9"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["\nThe World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the Internet through an easy-to-use and flexible format. It thus played an important role in popularising use of the Internet."],["[42]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-42"]]],[" Although the two terms are sometimes "],["conflated",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflation"]]],[" in popular use, "],["World Wide Web",[["i",null]]],[" is not "],["synonymous",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"]]],[" with "],["Internet",[["i",null]]],["."],["[43]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-43"]]],[" The Web is an "],["information space",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_space"]]],[" containing hyperlinked documents and other "],["resources",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_resource"]]],[", identified by their URIs."],["[44]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-44"]]],[" It is implemented as both client and server software using Internet protocols such as "],["TCP/IP",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP"]]],[" and "],["HTTP",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP"]]],[".\nIn keeping with its origins at CERN, early adopters of the Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as "],["SLAC",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAC"]]],[" and "],["Fermilab",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermilab"]]],[". By January 1993 there were fifty web servers across the world."],["[45]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-45"]]],[" By October 1993 there were over five hundred servers online, including some "],["notable websites",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_websites_founded_before_1995"]]],["."],["[46]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-:0-46"]]],["\nPractical media distribution and "],["streaming media",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"]]],[" over the Web was made possible by advances in "],["data compression",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression"]]],[", due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. Following the introduction of the Web, several media formats based on "],["discrete cosine transform",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform"]]],[" (DCT) were introduced for practical media distribution and streaming over the Web, including the "],["MPEG",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG"]]],[" "],["video format",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_coding_format"]]],[" in 1991 and the "],["JPEG",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"]]],[" "],["image format",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_format"]]],[" in 1992. The high level of "],["image compression",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_compression"]]],[" made JPEG a good format for compensating slow "],["Internet access",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"]]],[" speeds, typical in the age of "],["dial-up Internet access",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access"]]],[". JPEG became the most widely used image format for the World Wide Web. A DCT variation, the "],["modified discrete cosine transform",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform"]]],["(MDCT) algorithm, led to the development of "],["MP3",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"]]],[", which was introduced in 1991 and became the first popular "],["audio format",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_coding_format"]]],[" on the Web.\nIn 1992 the Computing and Networking Department of CERN, headed by David Williams, withdrew support of Berners-Lee's work. A two-page email sent by Williams stated that the work of Berners-Lee, with the goal of creating a facility to exchange information such as results and comments from CERN experiments to the scientific community, was not the core activity of CERN and was a misallocation of CERN's IT resources. Following this decision, Tim Berners-Lee left CERN for the "],["Massachusetts Institute of Technology",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"]]],[" (MIT), where he continued to develop HTTP.["],["citation needed",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"]]],["]\nThe first "],["Microsoft Windows",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"]]],[" browser was "],["Cello",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_(web_browser)"]]],[", written by Thomas R. Bruce for the Legal Information Institute at "],["Cornell Law School",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Law_School"]]],[" to provide legal information, since access to Windows was more widespread amongst lawyers than access to Unix. 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Berners-Lee continued to stay involved in guiding web standards, such as the "],["markup languages",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language"]]],[" to compose web pages, and he advocated his vision of a "],["Semantic Web",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web"]]],[" (sometimes known as Web 3.0) based around machine-readability and interoperability standards."],["\nWorld Wide Web Conference[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=11"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Main article: ",[["i",null]]],["The Web Conference",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Web_Conference"]]],["\nIn May 1994, the "],["first International WWW Conference",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Conference_1"]]],[", organized by "],["Robert Cailliau",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau"]]],[", was held at CERN; the conference has been held every year since."],["Robert Cailliau",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau"]]],["\n, Jean-François Abramatic, and "],["Tim Berners-Lee",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee"]]],["\n at the tenth anniversary of the "],["World Wide Web Consortium",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium"]]],["\n."],["\nWorld Wide Web Consortium[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=12"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Main articles: ",[["i",null]]],["World Wide Web Consortium",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium"]]],[" and ",[["i",null]]],["Web standards",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_standards"]]],["See also: ",[["i",null]]],["Internet Information Services",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Services"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Browser extension",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension"]]],[", and ",[["i",null]]],["Acid1",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid1"]]],["\nThe "],["World Wide Web Consortium",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium"]]],[" (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in September/October 1994 in order to create open standards for the Web."],["[47]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-47"]]],[" It was founded at the "],["Massachusetts Institute of Technology",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"]]],[" Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the "],["Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency"]]],[" (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet. A year later, a second site was founded at "],["INRIA",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INRIA"]]],[" (a French national computer research lab) with support from the "],["European Commission",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"]]],["; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at "],["Keio University",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio_University"]]],[".\nW3C comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made the Web available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The W3C decided that its standards must be based on royalty-free technology, so they can be easily adopted by anyone. Netscape and Microsoft, in the middle of a "],["browser war",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_wars"]]],[", ignored the W3C and added elements to HTML ad hoc (e.g., "],["blink",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink_element"]]],[" and "],["marquee",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_element"]]],["). Finally, in 1995, Netscape and Microsoft came to their senses and agreed to abide by the W3C's standard."],["[48]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-48"]]],["\nThe W3C published the standard for "],["HTML 4",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#HTML_4"]]],[" in 1997, which included "],["Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS"]]],[", giving designers more control over the appearance of web pages without the need for additional HTML tags. The W3C couldn't enforce compliance so none of the browsers were fully compliant. This frustrated web designers who formed the "],["Web Standards Project",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Standards_Project"]]],[" (WaSP) in 1998 with the goal of cajoling compliance with standards."],["[49]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-49"]]],[" "],["A List Apart",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_List_Apart"]]],[" and "],["CSS Zen Garden",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Zen_Garden"]]],[" were influential websites that promoted good design and adherence to standards."],["[50]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-50"]]],[" Nevertheless, AOL halted development of Netscape"],["[51]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-51"]]],[" and Microsoft was slow to update IE."],["[52]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-52"]]],[" "],["Mozilla",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"]]],[" and "],["Apple",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."]]],[" both released browsers that aimed to be more standards compliant ("],["Firefox",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"]]],[" and "],["Safari",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)"]]],["), but were unable to dislodge IE as the dominant browser.\n1997 advertisement in "],["State Magazine",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Magazine"]]],["\n by the US "],["State Department Library",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_Library"]]],["\n for sessions introducing the then-unfamiliar Web."],["\nCommercialization, dot-com boom and bust, aftermath[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=13"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["\nAs the Web grew in the mid-1990s, "],["web directories",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory"]]],[" and primitive "],["search engines",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"]]],[" were created to index pages and allow people to find things. Commercial use restrictions on the Internet were lifted in 1995 when "],["NSFNET",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNET"]]],[" was shut down. \nIn the US, the online service "],["America Online",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Online"]]],[" (AOL) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser, using a dial-up Internet connection. In January 1994, "],["Yahoo!",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"]]],[" was founded by "],["Jerry Yang",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Yang"]]],[" and "],["David Filo",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Filo"]]],[", then students at "],["Stanford University",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"]]],[". "],["Yahoo! Directory",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Directory"]]],[" became the first popular "],["web directory",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory"]]],[". "],["Yahoo! Search",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Search"]]],[", launched the same year, was the first popular search engine on the World Wide Web. Yahoo! became the quintessential example of a "],["first mover",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-mover_advantage"]]],[" on the Web. \n"],["Online shopping",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping"]]],[" began to emerge with the launch of "],["Amazon",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"]]],["'s shopping site by "],["Jeff Bezos",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos"]]],[" in 1995 and "],["eBay",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"]]],[" by "],["Pierre Omidyar",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Omidyar"]]],[" the same year. \nBy 1994, Marc Andreessen's "],["Netscape Navigator",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigator"]]],[" superseded Mosaic in popularity, holding the position for some time. Bill Gates outlined "],["Microsoft's",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"]]],[" strategy to dominate the Internet in his Tidal Wave memo in 1995."],["[53]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-53"]]],[" With the release of "],["Windows 95",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95"]]],[" and the popular "],["Internet Explorer",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer"]]],[" browser, many publicly companies began to develop a Web presence. At first, people mainly anticipated the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information. By the late 1990s, the directory model had given way to search engines, corresponding with the rise of "],["Google Search",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search"]]],[", which developed new approaches to "],["relevancy ranking",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_(information_retrieval)"]]],[". Directory features, while still commonly available, became after-thoughts to search engines.\nNetscape had a very successful IPO valuing the company at $2.9 billion despite the lack of profits and triggering the "],["dot-com bubble",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"]]],["."],["[54]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-54"]]],[" Increasing familiarity with the Web led to the growth of direct Web-based commerce ("],["e-commerce",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"]]],[") and instantaneous group communications worldwide. Many "],["dot-com companies",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_company"]]],[", displaying products on hypertext webpages, were added into the Web. Over the next 5 years, over a trillion dollars was raised to fund thousands of startups consisting of little more than a website. \nDuring the "],["dot-com boom",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"]]],[", many companies vied to create a dominant "],["web portal",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portal"]]],[" in the belief that such a website would best be able to attract a large audience that in turn would attract "],["online advertising",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising"]]],[" revenue. While most of these portals offered a search engine, they were not interested in encouraging users to find other websites and leave the portal and instead concentrated on \"sticky\" content."],["[55]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-55"]]],[" In contrast, Google was a stripped-down search engine that delivered superior results."],["[56]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-56"]]],[" It was a hit with users who switched from portals to Google. Furthermore, with "],["AdWords",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ads"]]],[", Google had an effective business model."],["[57]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-57"]]],["[58]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-58"]]],["\nAOL bought Netscape in 1998."],["[59]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-59"]]],[" In spite of their early success, Netscape was unable to fend off Microsoft."],["[60]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-msBeatNS-60"]]],[" "],["Internet Explorer",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer"]]],[" and a variety of other browsers almost completely replaced it.\nFaster "],["broadband internet",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_internet"]]],[" connections replaced many dial-up connections from the beginning of the 2000s.\nWith the bursting of the dot-com bubble, many web portals either scaled back operations, floundered,"],["[61]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-61"]]],[" or shut down entirely."],["[62]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-62"]]],["[63]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-63"]]],["[64]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-64"]]],[" AOL disbanded Netscape in 2003."],["[65]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-65"]]],["\nWeb server software[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=14"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Further information: ",[["i",null]]],["Comparison of web server software",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_server_software"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Comparison of server-side web frameworks",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_server-side_web_frameworks"]]],[", and ",[["i",null]]],["List of content management systems",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_content_management_systems"]]],["\nWeb server software was developed to allow computers to act as "],["web servers",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server"]]],[". The first web servers supported only static files, such as HTML (and images), but now they commonly allow embedding of server side applications. "],["Web framework",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_framework"]]],[" software enabled building and deploying web applications. "],["Content management systems",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management_system"]]],[" (CMS) were developed to organize and facilitate collaborative content creation. Many of them were built on top of separate "],["content management frameworks",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management_framework"]]],[".\nAfter "],["Robert McCool",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCool"]]],[" joined Netscape, development on the "],["NCSA HTTPd",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCSA_HTTPd"]]],[" server languished. In 1995, "],["Brian Behlendorf",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Behlendorf"]]],[" and Cliff Skolnick created a mailing list to coordinate efforts to fix bugs and make improvements to "],["HTTPd",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Httpd"]]],["."],["[66]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-66"]]],[" They called their version of HTTPd, "],["Apache",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server"]]],[". Apache quickly became the dominant server on the Web."],["[67]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-67"]]],[" After adding support for modules, Apache was able to allow developers to handle web requests with a variety of languages including "],["Perl",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_perl"]]],[", "],["PHP",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"]]],[" and "],["Python",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_python"]]],[". Together with "],["Linux",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"]]],[" and "],["MySQL",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL"]]],[", it became known as the "],["LAMP",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)"]]],[" platform.\nFollowing the success of Apache, "],["the Apache Software Foundation",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation"]]],[" was founded in 1999 and produced many "],["open source",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"]]],[" "],["web software projects",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apache_Software_Foundation_projects"]]],[" in the same collaborative spirit."],["\nBrowser wars[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=15"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Main articles: ",[["i",null]]],["Browser wars",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_wars"]]],[" and ",[["i",null]]],["History of the web browser",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_web_browser"]]],["See also: ",[["i",null]]],["Comparison of web browsers",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["List of web browsers",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_browsers"]]],[", and ",[["i",null]]],["Usage share of web browsers",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_web_browsers"]]],["\nAfter graduating from UIUC, Andreessen and "],["Jim Clark",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Clark"]]],[", former CEO of "],["Silicon Graphics",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics"]]],[", met and formed "],["Mosaic Communications Corporation",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_Communications_Corporation"]]],[" in April 1994 to develop the Mosaic Netscape browser commercially. The company later changed its name to "],["Netscape",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape"]]],[", and the browser was developed further as "],["Netscape Navigator",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigator"]]],[", which soon became the dominant web client. They also released the "],["Netsite Commerce web server",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_iPlanet_Web_Server"]]],[" which could handle "],["SSL",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security"]]],[" requests, thus enabling "],["e-commerce",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"]]],[" on the Web."],["[68]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-68"]]],[" SSL became the standard method to encrypt web traffic. Navigator 1.0 also introduced "],["cookies",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie"]]],[", but Netscape did not publicize this feature. Netscape followed up with "],["Navigator 2",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigator_2"]]],[" in 1995 introducing "],["frames",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(World_Wide_Web)"]]],[", "],["Java applets",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet"]]],[" and "],["JavaScript",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"]]],[". In 1998, Netscape made Navigator open source and launched "],["Mozilla",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"]]],["."],["[69]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-69"]]],["\nMicrosoft licensed Mosaic from "],["Spyglass",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyglass,_Inc."]]],[" and released "],["Internet Explorer 1.0",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer#Internet_Explorer_1"]]],[" that year and "],["IE2",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_2"]]],[" later the same year. IE2 added features pioneered at Netscape such as cookies, SSL, and JavaScript. The "],["browser wars",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_wars"]]],[" became a competition for dominance when Explorer was bundled with Windows."],["[70]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-70"]]],[" This led to the "],["United States v. Microsoft Corporation",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Corporation"]]],[" antitrust lawsuit.\n"],["IE3",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3"]]],[", released in 1996, added support for Java applets, "],["ActiveX",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveX"]]],[", and "],["CSS",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS"]]],[". At this point, Microsoft began bundling IE with Windows. IE3 managed to increase Microsoft's share of the browser market from under 10% to over 20%."],["[71]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-71"]]],[" "],["IE4",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_4"]]],[", released the following year, introduced "],["Dynamic HTML",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_HTML"]]],[" setting the stage for the Web 2.0 revolution. By 1998, IE was able to capture the majority of the desktop browser market."],["[60]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-msBeatNS-60"]]],[" It would be the dominant browser for the next fourteen years.\n"],["Google",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"]]],[" released their "],["Chrome browser",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome"]]],[" in 2008 with the first "],["JIT",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation"]]],[" "],["JavaScript engine",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_engine"]]],[", "],["V8",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)"]]],[". Chrome overtook IE to become the dominant desktop browser in four years,"],["[72]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-72"]]],[" and overtook Safari to become the dominant mobile browser in two."],["[73]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-73"]]],[" At the same time, Google open sourced Chrome's "],["codebase",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebase"]]],[" as "],["Chromium",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)"]]],["."],["[74]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-74"]]],["\n"],["Ryan Dahl",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Dahl"]]],[" used Chromium's V8 engine in 2009 to power an "],["event driven",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_architecture"]]],[" "],["runtime system",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_system"]]],[", "],["Node.js",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js"]]],[", which allowed JavaScript code to be used on servers as well as browsers. This led to the development of new software stacks such as "],["MEAN",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEAN_(solution_stack)"]]],[". Thanks to frameworks such as "],["Electron",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_(software_framework)"]]],[", developers can bundle up node applications as standalone desktop applications such as "],["Slack",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(software)"]]],[".\nAcer and Samsung began selling "],["Chromebooks",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook"]]],[", cheap laptops running "],["Chrome OS",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_OS"]]],[" capable of running web apps, in 2011. Over the next decade, "],["more companies",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chromebooks"]]],[" offered Chromebooks. Chromebooks outsold MacOS devices in 2020 to become the second most popular OS in the world."],["[75]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-75"]]],["\nOther notable web browsers emerged including "],["Mozilla's",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"]]],[" "],["Firefox",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"]]],[", "],["Opera's",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(company)"]]],[" "],["Opera browser",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)"]]],[" and "],["Apple's",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."]]],[" "],["Safari",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)"]]],["."]],"[|ax":[["‣",[["p",{"id":"bd5257a3-a412-4a9f-8677-2eb9f1749a32","title":[["Internet"]],"icon":"https://images.spr.so/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/j42No7y-dcokJuNgXeA0ig/eec00313-d18c-485f-a51d-1894659425c0/global-network/public","uri":"/timeline-computer-and-internet-history/timeline/2d-computing-machine/future-interviews/internet"}]]],[","],["‣",[["p",{"id":"951c3d8b-abdb-485b-8964-055fa78eeeab","title":[["History"]],"icon":"https://images.spr.so/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/j42No7y-dcokJuNgXeA0ig/61796135-63d6-4aeb-8765-7d1d7a60c956/history/public","uri":"/timeline-computer-and-internet-history/timeline/2d-computing-machine/future-interviews/history"}]]],[","],["‣",[["p",{"id":"2f7d4896-92b4-438b-b988-474bfd054d9c","title":[["Timeline"]],"icon":"https://images.spr.so/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/j42No7y-dcokJuNgXeA0ig/895beb33-3d22-4462-bb63-fc7a40f6ffc4/timeline/public","uri":"/timeline-computer-and-internet-history/timeline/2d-computing-machine/future-interviews/timeline"}]]]],"GGYm":null,"qQdJ":[],"~c{L":[["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web"]]]],"RGe@":"Oct 22, 2022 9:57 PM"}},"timeline-computer-and-internet-history-the-web-as-platform-ubiquity":{"id":"timeline-computer-and-internet-history-the-web-as-platform-ubiquity","children":[],"hasContent":false,"parentId":"51603d226bdb463dab3294d26cd3c203","title":[["The web as platform, ubiquity",[["b",null]]]],"updatedAt":1666557600000,"type":"page","spaceId":"35cf69ea-b778-4e6e-a6ce-8762359d531d","createdTime":1666475820000,"lastEditedTime":1666557600000,"createdBy":[{"0":"‣","1":[{"0":"u","1":"a7693bee-1b52-4987-bd01-ed7bbd0157c4"}]}],"lastEditedBy":[{"0":"‣","1":[{"0":"u","1":"a7693bee-1b52-4987-bd01-ed7bbd0157c4"}]}],"description":null,"uri":"/timeline-computer-and-internet-history/the-web-as-platform-ubiquity","blockId":"f4a09cf1-1bf1-4bb5-a67b-eeffd6326da0","propertyValues":{"DW>A":[],"k_bC":[{"color":"blue","value":"AD"}],"UGf|":[["2004–present",[["b",null]]]],"HAKT":[["Web 2.0[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=17"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Main article: ",[["i",null]]],["Web 2.0",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0"]]],["See also: ",[["i",null]]],["Web application",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Single-page application",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-page_application"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Dynamic web page",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_web_page"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Rich web application",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_web_application"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Web framework",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_framework"]]],[", and ",[["i",null]]],["Web platform",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_platform"]]],["\nWeb pages were initially conceived as structured documents based upon HTML. 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In less than a year, there were hundreds of Gopher servers."],["[24]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-minnPostGopher-24"]]],[" It offered a viable alternative to the World Wide Web in the early 1990s and the consensus was that Gopher would be the primary way that people would interact with the Internet."],["[25]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-25"]]],["["],["better source needed",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"]]],["] However, in 1993, the University of Minnesota declared that Gopher was proprietary and would have to be licensed."],["[24]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-minnPostGopher-24"]]],["\nIn response, on 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to anyone, with no fees due, and released "],["their code",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libwww"]]],[" into the public domain."],["[26]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-26"]]],[" This made it possible to develop servers and clients independently and to add extensions without licensing restrictions.["],["citation needed",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"]]],["] Coming two months after the announcement that the server implementation of the Gopher protocol was no longer free to use, this spurred the development of "],["various browsers",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libwww#Applications_using_libwww"]]],[" which precipitated a rapid shift away from Gopher."],["[27]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-27"]]],[" By releasing Berners-Lee's invention for public use, CERN encouraged and enabled its widespread use."],["[28]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-28"]]],["\nEarly websites intermingled links for both the "],["HTTP",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP"]]],[" web protocol and the "],["Gopher protocol",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopher_(protocol)"]]],[", which provided access to content through "],["hypertext",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext"]]],[" menus presented as a "],["file system",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system"]]],[" rather than through "],["HTML",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML"]]],[" files. Early Web users would navigate either by bookmarking popular directory pages or by consulting updated lists such as the NCSA \"What's New\" page. Some sites were also indexed by WAIS, enabling users to submit full-text searches similar to the capability later provided by "],["search engines",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engines"]]],[".\nAfter 1993 the World Wide Web saw many advances to indexing and ease of access through search engines, which often neglected Gopher and Gopherspace. As its popularity increased through ease of use, incentives for commercial investment in the Web also grew. By the middle of 1994, the Web was outcompeting Gopher and the other browsing systems for the Internet."],["[29]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-29"]]],["\nNCSA[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=8"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Main article: ",[["i",null]]],["Mosaic (web browser)",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)"]]],["\nThe "],["National Center for Supercomputing Applications",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Supercomputing_Applications"]]],[" (NCSA) at the "],["University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"]]],[" (UIUC) established a website in November 1992. After "],["Marc Andreessen",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Andreessen"]]],[", a student at UIUC, was shown ViolaWWW in late 1992,"],["[23]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-W3.org-23"]]],[" he began work on "],["Mosaic",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)"]]],[" with another UIUC student "],["Eric Bina",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Bina"]]],[", using funding from the "],["High-Performance Computing and Communications Initiative",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Performance_Computing_Act_of_1991"]]],[", a US-federal research and development program "],["initiated by US Senator Al Gore",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gore_and_information_technology"]]],["."],["[30]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-30"]]],["[31]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-31"]]],["[32]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-32"]]],[" Andreessen and Bina released a Unix version of the browser in February 1993; Mac and Windows versions followed in August 1993. The browser gained popularity due to its strong support of integrated "],["multimedia",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia"]]],[", and the authors' rapid response to user bug reports and recommendations for new features."],["[23]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-W3.org-23"]]],[" Historians generally agree that the 1993 introduction of the Mosaic web browser was a turning point for the World Wide Web."],["[33]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-bloomberg-33"]]],["[34]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-mosaic_and_th_w3-34"]]],["[35]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-faq-35"]]],["\nBefore the release of Mosaic in 1993, graphics were not commonly mixed with text in web pages, and the Web was less popular than older protocols such as Gopher and WAIS. Mosaic could display inline images"],["[36]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-36"]]],[" and submit "],["forms",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(HTML)"]]],["[37]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-37"]]],["[38]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-38"]]],[" for Windows, Macintosh and X-Windows. NCSA also developed "],["HTTPd",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCSA_HTTPd"]]],[", a Unix web server that used the "],["Common Gateway Interface",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface"]]],[" to process forms and "],["Server Side Includes",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Side_Includes"]]],[" for dynamic content. Both the client and server were free to use with no restrictions."],["[39]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-39"]]],[" Mosaic was an immediate hit;"],["[40]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-40"]]],[" its graphical user interface allowed the Web to become by far the most popular protocol on the Internet. Within a year, web traffic surpassed Gopher's."],["[24]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-minnPostGopher-24"]]],[" "],["Wired",[["i",null]]],[" declared that Mosaic made non-Internet online services obsolete,"],["[41]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-41"]]],[" and the Web became the preferred interface for accessing the Internet.["],["citation needed",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"]]],["]"],["\nEarly growth[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=9"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["\nThe World Wide Web enabled the spread of information over the Internet through an easy-to-use and flexible format. It thus played an important role in popularising use of the Internet."],["[42]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-42"]]],[" Although the two terms are sometimes "],["conflated",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflation"]]],[" in popular use, "],["World Wide Web",[["i",null]]],[" is not "],["synonymous",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym"]]],[" with "],["Internet",[["i",null]]],["."],["[43]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-43"]]],[" The Web is an "],["information space",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_space"]]],[" containing hyperlinked documents and other "],["resources",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_resource"]]],[", identified by their URIs."],["[44]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-44"]]],[" It is implemented as both client and server software using Internet protocols such as "],["TCP/IP",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP"]]],[" and "],["HTTP",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP"]]],[".\nIn keeping with its origins at CERN, early adopters of the Web were primarily university-based scientific departments or physics laboratories such as "],["SLAC",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SLAC"]]],[" and "],["Fermilab",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermilab"]]],[". By January 1993 there were fifty web servers across the world."],["[45]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-45"]]],[" By October 1993 there were over five hundred servers online, including some "],["notable websites",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_websites_founded_before_1995"]]],["."],["[46]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-:0-46"]]],["\nPractical media distribution and "],["streaming media",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_media"]]],[" over the Web was made possible by advances in "],["data compression",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression"]]],[", due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of uncompressed media. Following the introduction of the Web, several media formats based on "],["discrete cosine transform",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform"]]],[" (DCT) were introduced for practical media distribution and streaming over the Web, including the "],["MPEG",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG"]]],[" "],["video format",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_coding_format"]]],[" in 1991 and the "],["JPEG",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG"]]],[" "],["image format",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_format"]]],[" in 1992. The high level of "],["image compression",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_compression"]]],[" made JPEG a good format for compensating slow "],["Internet access",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access"]]],[" speeds, typical in the age of "],["dial-up Internet access",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access"]]],[". JPEG became the most widely used image format for the World Wide Web. A DCT variation, the "],["modified discrete cosine transform",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform"]]],["(MDCT) algorithm, led to the development of "],["MP3",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3"]]],[", which was introduced in 1991 and became the first popular "],["audio format",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_coding_format"]]],[" on the Web.\nIn 1992 the Computing and Networking Department of CERN, headed by David Williams, withdrew support of Berners-Lee's work. A two-page email sent by Williams stated that the work of Berners-Lee, with the goal of creating a facility to exchange information such as results and comments from CERN experiments to the scientific community, was not the core activity of CERN and was a misallocation of CERN's IT resources. Following this decision, Tim Berners-Lee left CERN for the "],["Massachusetts Institute of Technology",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"]]],[" (MIT), where he continued to develop HTTP.["],["citation needed",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"]]],["]\nThe first "],["Microsoft Windows",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"]]],[" browser was "],["Cello",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_(web_browser)"]]],[", written by Thomas R. Bruce for the Legal Information Institute at "],["Cornell Law School",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Law_School"]]],[" to provide legal information, since access to Windows was more widespread amongst lawyers than access to Unix. 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Berners-Lee continued to stay involved in guiding web standards, such as the "],["markup languages",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language"]]],[" to compose web pages, and he advocated his vision of a "],["Semantic Web",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_Web"]]],[" (sometimes known as Web 3.0) based around machine-readability and interoperability standards."],["\nWorld Wide Web Conference[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=11"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Main article: ",[["i",null]]],["The Web Conference",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Web_Conference"]]],["\nIn May 1994, the "],["first International WWW Conference",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Conference_1"]]],[", organized by "],["Robert Cailliau",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau"]]],[", was held at CERN; the conference has been held every year since."],["Robert Cailliau",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cailliau"]]],["\n, Jean-François Abramatic, and "],["Tim Berners-Lee",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee"]]],["\n at the tenth anniversary of the "],["World Wide Web Consortium",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium"]]],["\n."],["\nWorld Wide Web Consortium[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=12"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Main articles: ",[["i",null]]],["World Wide Web Consortium",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium"]]],[" and ",[["i",null]]],["Web standards",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_standards"]]],["See also: ",[["i",null]]],["Internet Information Services",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Information_Services"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Browser extension",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension"]]],[", and ",[["i",null]]],["Acid1",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid1"]]],["\nThe "],["World Wide Web Consortium",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium"]]],[" (W3C) was founded by Tim Berners-Lee after he left the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in September/October 1994 in order to create open standards for the Web."],["[47]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-47"]]],[" It was founded at the "],["Massachusetts Institute of Technology",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"]]],[" Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the "],["Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency"]]],[" (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet. A year later, a second site was founded at "],["INRIA",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INRIA"]]],[" (a French national computer research lab) with support from the "],["European Commission",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"]]],["; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at "],["Keio University",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keio_University"]]],[".\nW3C comprised various companies that were willing to create standards and recommendations to improve the quality of the Web. Berners-Lee made the Web available freely, with no patent and no royalties due. The W3C decided that its standards must be based on royalty-free technology, so they can be easily adopted by anyone. Netscape and Microsoft, in the middle of a "],["browser war",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_wars"]]],[", ignored the W3C and added elements to HTML ad hoc (e.g., "],["blink",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blink_element"]]],[" and "],["marquee",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquee_element"]]],["). Finally, in 1995, Netscape and Microsoft came to their senses and agreed to abide by the W3C's standard."],["[48]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-48"]]],["\nThe W3C published the standard for "],["HTML 4",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML#HTML_4"]]],[" in 1997, which included "],["Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS"]]],[", giving designers more control over the appearance of web pages without the need for additional HTML tags. The W3C couldn't enforce compliance so none of the browsers were fully compliant. This frustrated web designers who formed the "],["Web Standards Project",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Standards_Project"]]],[" (WaSP) in 1998 with the goal of cajoling compliance with standards."],["[49]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-49"]]],[" "],["A List Apart",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_List_Apart"]]],[" and "],["CSS Zen Garden",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS_Zen_Garden"]]],[" were influential websites that promoted good design and adherence to standards."],["[50]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-50"]]],[" Nevertheless, AOL halted development of Netscape"],["[51]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-51"]]],[" and Microsoft was slow to update IE."],["[52]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-52"]]],[" "],["Mozilla",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"]]],[" and "],["Apple",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."]]],[" both released browsers that aimed to be more standards compliant ("],["Firefox",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"]]],[" and "],["Safari",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)"]]],["), but were unable to dislodge IE as the dominant browser.\n1997 advertisement in "],["State Magazine",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Magazine"]]],["\n by the US "],["State Department Library",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_J._Bunche_Library"]]],["\n for sessions introducing the then-unfamiliar Web."],["\nCommercialization, dot-com boom and bust, aftermath[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=13"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["\nAs the Web grew in the mid-1990s, "],["web directories",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory"]]],[" and primitive "],["search engines",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines"]]],[" were created to index pages and allow people to find things. Commercial use restrictions on the Internet were lifted in 1995 when "],["NSFNET",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSFNET"]]],[" was shut down. \nIn the US, the online service "],["America Online",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/America_Online"]]],[" (AOL) offered their users a connection to the Internet via their own internal browser, using a dial-up Internet connection. In January 1994, "],["Yahoo!",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!"]]],[" was founded by "],["Jerry Yang",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Yang"]]],[" and "],["David Filo",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Filo"]]],[", then students at "],["Stanford University",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"]]],[". "],["Yahoo! Directory",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Directory"]]],[" became the first popular "],["web directory",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_directory"]]],[". "],["Yahoo! Search",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Search"]]],[", launched the same year, was the first popular search engine on the World Wide Web. Yahoo! became the quintessential example of a "],["first mover",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-mover_advantage"]]],[" on the Web. \n"],["Online shopping",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shopping"]]],[" began to emerge with the launch of "],["Amazon",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"]]],["'s shopping site by "],["Jeff Bezos",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Bezos"]]],[" in 1995 and "],["eBay",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"]]],[" by "],["Pierre Omidyar",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Omidyar"]]],[" the same year. \nBy 1994, Marc Andreessen's "],["Netscape Navigator",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigator"]]],[" superseded Mosaic in popularity, holding the position for some time. Bill Gates outlined "],["Microsoft's",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"]]],[" strategy to dominate the Internet in his Tidal Wave memo in 1995."],["[53]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-53"]]],[" With the release of "],["Windows 95",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95"]]],[" and the popular "],["Internet Explorer",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer"]]],[" browser, many publicly companies began to develop a Web presence. At first, people mainly anticipated the possibilities of free publishing and instant worldwide information. By the late 1990s, the directory model had given way to search engines, corresponding with the rise of "],["Google Search",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search"]]],[", which developed new approaches to "],["relevancy ranking",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_(information_retrieval)"]]],[". Directory features, while still commonly available, became after-thoughts to search engines.\nNetscape had a very successful IPO valuing the company at $2.9 billion despite the lack of profits and triggering the "],["dot-com bubble",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"]]],["."],["[54]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-54"]]],[" Increasing familiarity with the Web led to the growth of direct Web-based commerce ("],["e-commerce",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"]]],[") and instantaneous group communications worldwide. Many "],["dot-com companies",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_company"]]],[", displaying products on hypertext webpages, were added into the Web. Over the next 5 years, over a trillion dollars was raised to fund thousands of startups consisting of little more than a website. \nDuring the "],["dot-com boom",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"]]],[", many companies vied to create a dominant "],["web portal",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_portal"]]],[" in the belief that such a website would best be able to attract a large audience that in turn would attract "],["online advertising",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_advertising"]]],[" revenue. While most of these portals offered a search engine, they were not interested in encouraging users to find other websites and leave the portal and instead concentrated on \"sticky\" content."],["[55]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-55"]]],[" In contrast, Google was a stripped-down search engine that delivered superior results."],["[56]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-56"]]],[" It was a hit with users who switched from portals to Google. Furthermore, with "],["AdWords",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Ads"]]],[", Google had an effective business model."],["[57]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-57"]]],["[58]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-58"]]],["\nAOL bought Netscape in 1998."],["[59]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-59"]]],[" In spite of their early success, Netscape was unable to fend off Microsoft."],["[60]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-msBeatNS-60"]]],[" "],["Internet Explorer",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer"]]],[" and a variety of other browsers almost completely replaced it.\nFaster "],["broadband internet",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_internet"]]],[" connections replaced many dial-up connections from the beginning of the 2000s.\nWith the bursting of the dot-com bubble, many web portals either scaled back operations, floundered,"],["[61]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-61"]]],[" or shut down entirely."],["[62]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-62"]]],["[63]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-63"]]],["[64]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-64"]]],[" AOL disbanded Netscape in 2003."],["[65]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-65"]]],["\nWeb server software[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=14"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Further information: ",[["i",null]]],["Comparison of web server software",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_server_software"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Comparison of server-side web frameworks",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_server-side_web_frameworks"]]],[", and ",[["i",null]]],["List of content management systems",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_content_management_systems"]]],["\nWeb server software was developed to allow computers to act as "],["web servers",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server"]]],[". The first web servers supported only static files, such as HTML (and images), but now they commonly allow embedding of server side applications. "],["Web framework",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_framework"]]],[" software enabled building and deploying web applications. "],["Content management systems",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management_system"]]],[" (CMS) were developed to organize and facilitate collaborative content creation. Many of them were built on top of separate "],["content management frameworks",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_management_framework"]]],[".\nAfter "],["Robert McCool",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_McCool"]]],[" joined Netscape, development on the "],["NCSA HTTPd",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCSA_HTTPd"]]],[" server languished. In 1995, "],["Brian Behlendorf",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Behlendorf"]]],[" and Cliff Skolnick created a mailing list to coordinate efforts to fix bugs and make improvements to "],["HTTPd",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Httpd"]]],["."],["[66]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-66"]]],[" They called their version of HTTPd, "],["Apache",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server"]]],[". Apache quickly became the dominant server on the Web."],["[67]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-67"]]],[" After adding support for modules, Apache was able to allow developers to handle web requests with a variety of languages including "],["Perl",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_perl"]]],[", "],["PHP",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"]]],[" and "],["Python",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_python"]]],[". Together with "],["Linux",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"]]],[" and "],["MySQL",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL"]]],[", it became known as the "],["LAMP",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle)"]]],[" platform.\nFollowing the success of Apache, "],["the Apache Software Foundation",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apache_Software_Foundation"]]],[" was founded in 1999 and produced many "],["open source",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_source"]]],[" "],["web software projects",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apache_Software_Foundation_projects"]]],[" in the same collaborative spirit."],["\nBrowser wars[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=15"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Main articles: ",[["i",null]]],["Browser wars",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_wars"]]],[" and ",[["i",null]]],["History of the web browser",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_web_browser"]]],["See also: ",[["i",null]]],["Comparison of web browsers",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_web_browsers"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["List of web browsers",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_web_browsers"]]],[", and ",[["i",null]]],["Usage share of web browsers",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_web_browsers"]]],["\nAfter graduating from UIUC, Andreessen and "],["Jim Clark",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_H._Clark"]]],[", former CEO of "],["Silicon Graphics",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Graphics"]]],[", met and formed "],["Mosaic Communications Corporation",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic_Communications_Corporation"]]],[" in April 1994 to develop the Mosaic Netscape browser commercially. The company later changed its name to "],["Netscape",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape"]]],[", and the browser was developed further as "],["Netscape Navigator",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigator"]]],[", which soon became the dominant web client. They also released the "],["Netsite Commerce web server",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_iPlanet_Web_Server"]]],[" which could handle "],["SSL",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security"]]],[" requests, thus enabling "],["e-commerce",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-commerce"]]],[" on the Web."],["[68]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-68"]]],[" SSL became the standard method to encrypt web traffic. Navigator 1.0 also introduced "],["cookies",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie"]]],[", but Netscape did not publicize this feature. Netscape followed up with "],["Navigator 2",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Navigator_2"]]],[" in 1995 introducing "],["frames",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_(World_Wide_Web)"]]],[", "],["Java applets",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_applet"]]],[" and "],["JavaScript",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"]]],[". In 1998, Netscape made Navigator open source and launched "],["Mozilla",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"]]],["."],["[69]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-69"]]],["\nMicrosoft licensed Mosaic from "],["Spyglass",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyglass,_Inc."]]],[" and released "],["Internet Explorer 1.0",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer#Internet_Explorer_1"]]],[" that year and "],["IE2",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_2"]]],[" later the same year. IE2 added features pioneered at Netscape such as cookies, SSL, and JavaScript. The "],["browser wars",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_wars"]]],[" became a competition for dominance when Explorer was bundled with Windows."],["[70]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-70"]]],[" This led to the "],["United States v. Microsoft Corporation",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft_Corporation"]]],[" antitrust lawsuit.\n"],["IE3",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_3"]]],[", released in 1996, added support for Java applets, "],["ActiveX",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveX"]]],[", and "],["CSS",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSS"]]],[". At this point, Microsoft began bundling IE with Windows. IE3 managed to increase Microsoft's share of the browser market from under 10% to over 20%."],["[71]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-71"]]],[" "],["IE4",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_4"]]],[", released the following year, introduced "],["Dynamic HTML",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_HTML"]]],[" setting the stage for the Web 2.0 revolution. By 1998, IE was able to capture the majority of the desktop browser market."],["[60]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-msBeatNS-60"]]],[" It would be the dominant browser for the next fourteen years.\n"],["Google",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"]]],[" released their "],["Chrome browser",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome"]]],[" in 2008 with the first "],["JIT",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation"]]],[" "],["JavaScript engine",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript_engine"]]],[", "],["V8",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V8_(JavaScript_engine)"]]],[". Chrome overtook IE to become the dominant desktop browser in four years,"],["[72]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-72"]]],[" and overtook Safari to become the dominant mobile browser in two."],["[73]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-73"]]],[" At the same time, Google open sourced Chrome's "],["codebase",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codebase"]]],[" as "],["Chromium",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)"]]],["."],["[74]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-74"]]],["\n"],["Ryan Dahl",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Dahl"]]],[" used Chromium's V8 engine in 2009 to power an "],["event driven",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event-driven_architecture"]]],[" "],["runtime system",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runtime_system"]]],[", "],["Node.js",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node.js"]]],[", which allowed JavaScript code to be used on servers as well as browsers. This led to the development of new software stacks such as "],["MEAN",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MEAN_(solution_stack)"]]],[". Thanks to frameworks such as "],["Electron",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_(software_framework)"]]],[", developers can bundle up node applications as standalone desktop applications such as "],["Slack",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_(software)"]]],[".\nAcer and Samsung began selling "],["Chromebooks",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromebook"]]],[", cheap laptops running "],["Chrome OS",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_OS"]]],[" capable of running web apps, in 2011. Over the next decade, "],["more companies",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chromebooks"]]],[" offered Chromebooks. Chromebooks outsold MacOS devices in 2020 to become the second most popular OS in the world."],["[75]",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web#cite_note-75"]]],["\nOther notable web browsers emerged including "],["Mozilla's",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla"]]],[" "],["Firefox",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefox"]]],[", "],["Opera's",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(company)"]]],[" "],["Opera browser",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_(web_browser)"]]],[" and "],["Apple's",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."]]],[" "],["Safari",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)"]]],["."]],"[|ax":[["‣",[["p",{"id":"bd5257a3-a412-4a9f-8677-2eb9f1749a32","title":[["Internet"]],"icon":"https://images.spr.so/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/j42No7y-dcokJuNgXeA0ig/eec00313-d18c-485f-a51d-1894659425c0/global-network/public","uri":"/timeline-computer-and-internet-history/timeline/2d-computing-machine/future-interviews/internet"}]]],[","],["‣",[["p",{"id":"951c3d8b-abdb-485b-8964-055fa78eeeab","title":[["History"]],"icon":"https://images.spr.so/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/j42No7y-dcokJuNgXeA0ig/61796135-63d6-4aeb-8765-7d1d7a60c956/history/public","uri":"/timeline-computer-and-internet-history/timeline/2d-computing-machine/future-interviews/history"}]]],[","],["‣",[["p",{"id":"2f7d4896-92b4-438b-b988-474bfd054d9c","title":[["Timeline"]],"icon":"https://images.spr.so/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/j42No7y-dcokJuNgXeA0ig/895beb33-3d22-4462-bb63-fc7a40f6ffc4/timeline/public","uri":"/timeline-computer-and-internet-history/timeline/2d-computing-machine/future-interviews/timeline"}]]]],"GGYm":null,"qQdJ":[],"~c{L":[["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web",[["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_World_Wide_Web"]]]],"RGe@":"Oct 22, 2022 9:57 PM"}},"timeline-computer-and-internet-history-the-web-as-platform-ubiquity":{"id":"timeline-computer-and-internet-history-the-web-as-platform-ubiquity","children":[],"hasContent":false,"parentId":"51603d226bdb463dab3294d26cd3c203","title":[["The web as platform, ubiquity",[["b",null]]]],"updatedAt":1666557600000,"type":"page","spaceId":"35cf69ea-b778-4e6e-a6ce-8762359d531d","createdTime":1666475820000,"lastEditedTime":1666557600000,"createdBy":[{"0":"‣","1":[{"0":"u","1":"a7693bee-1b52-4987-bd01-ed7bbd0157c4"}]}],"lastEditedBy":[{"0":"‣","1":[{"0":"u","1":"a7693bee-1b52-4987-bd01-ed7bbd0157c4"}]}],"description":null,"uri":"/timeline-computer-and-internet-history/the-web-as-platform-ubiquity","blockId":"f4a09cf1-1bf1-4bb5-a67b-eeffd6326da0","propertyValues":{"DW>A":[],"k_bC":[{"color":"blue","value":"AD"}],"UGf|":[["2004–present",[["b",null]]]],"HAKT":[["Web 2.0[",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["edit",[["b",null],["b",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_World_Wide_Web&action=edit§ion=17"]]],["]",[["b",null],["b",null]]],["Main article: ",[["i",null]]],["Web 2.0",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_2.0"]]],["See also: ",[["i",null]]],["Web application",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Single-page application",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-page_application"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Dynamic web page",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_web_page"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Rich web application",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_web_application"]]],[", ",[["i",null]]],["Web framework",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_framework"]]],[", and ",[["i",null]]],["Web platform",[["i",null],["a","https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_platform"]]],["\nWeb pages were initially conceived as structured documents based upon HTML. 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